آزمون

تشریح: The correct answer is comminuted; it means that the bone has broken into several pieces. ◦ Displaced means that the broken fragments have moved out of their normal position. ◦ Impacted means that the broken fragments are driven into each other. ◦ Greenstick means the bone is bent and partly broken, usually in children.

تشریح: The correct answer is pathological fracture, because the fracture occurs in a diseased bone. ◦ Stress fracture is related to small, repeated injuries in an otherwise healthy bone. ◦ Open fracture means the skin over the fracture is broken. ◦ Displaced fracture means the broken fragments have moved out of position.

تشریح: The correct answer is return it to anatomical position. In fracture management, reduce means to put the fragments back into anatomical alignment. ◦ Remove oxygen is the chemical meaning of reduce and does not fit this fracture context. ◦ Make smaller is a general meaning of reduce, but here it is a trap. ◦ Cut out is closer to excise or excision.

تشریح: The correct answer is collarbone — clavicle. The common name collarbone corresponds to the anatomical name clavicle. ◦ Kneecap is patella, not femur. ◦ Shinbone is tibia, not patella. ◦ Shoulder blade is scapula, not costa.

تشریح: The correct answer is tibia. The shinbone is anatomically called the tibia. ◦ Tibea, tibbia, and tibiah are incorrect look-alike spellings.

تشریح: The correct answer is malunion; it means faulty or incorrect healing of a fractured bone. ◦ Fixation means immobilizing the bone by internal or external methods. ◦ Union means normal healing of the fracture fragments. ◦ Reduction means aligning the fragments before fixation.

تشریح: The correct answer is inhibit; it means to reduce or suppress the production or secretion of a substance. ◦ Release means to let out or make available. ◦ Replace means to substitute, as in replacement therapy. ◦ Secrete means to produce and release a substance.

تشریح: The correct answer is It inhibits their secretion. Increased T3 gives feedback to the pituitary and probably the hypothalamus, reducing TRH and TSH secretion. ◦ Replace belongs to replacement therapy, not feedback control. ◦ Release stored hormone is what TSH stimulates the thyroid to do. ◦ Stimulates every receptor is an overgeneralized and unsupported statement.

تشریح: The correct answer is palpable thrill; it means a vibration that can be felt by touch. ◦ Bruit is a sound heard with a stethoscope. ◦ Nodule is a single lump or localized area. ◦ Heat intolerance is a clinical symptom, not a palpable vibration.

تشریح: The correct answer is hyperthyroidism. Weight loss, increased appetite, palpitations, and heat intolerance fit the pattern of an overactive thyroid. ◦ Hypothyroidism does not fit this increased-activity pattern with weight loss. ◦ Replacement therapy is a treatment, not the diagnosis. ◦ Localized goitre describes a local enlargement of the gland only.

تشریح: The correct answer is goitre. The book uses the British spelling goitre for an enlarged thyroid gland. ◦ The other options are incorrect look-alike spellings.

تشریح: The correct answer is dyspnoea; it means shortness of breath or breathlessness. ◦ Oedema means swelling. ◦ Fibrillation is a type of irregular cardiac rhythm. ◦ Palpitation is the patient's awareness of a rapid or irregular heartbeat.

تشریح: The correct answer is orthopnoea; it means breathlessness when lying flat. ◦ Exertion means physical activity. ◦ Premature beat is an early heartbeat. ◦ Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps each minute.

تشریح: The correct answer is shortness of breath on exercise. SOBOE is used for breathlessness that occurs during physical activity. ◦ Swelling is related to oedema. ◦ Bowel episodes are unrelated to the heart unit. ◦ Obstruction before exertion is an unsupported expansion of the abbreviation.

تشریح: The correct answer is palpitations; it means awareness of a rapid or irregular heartbeat. ◦ Pitting oedema is a type of swelling that leaves an indentation. ◦ Cardiac output is a measure of the heart's pumping function. ◦ Mitral replacement is a valve operation, not a symptom.

تشریح: The correct answer is peripheral oedema. Right heart failure is associated with peripheral swelling, especially in the feet and ankles. ◦ Atrial fibrillation is a completely irregular atrial rhythm. ◦ Premature beats are early beats. ◦ Resting rhythm is not the standard term for this sign.

تشریح: The correct answer is orthopnoea. This is the British spelling used in this source. ◦ Orthopnea is the American spelling and is not the target form in this source. ◦ Orthopnia and orthopea are incorrect spellings.

تشریح: The correct answer is An excess means too much hormone. Excess means too much, while deficiency means too little. ◦ Too little hormone describes deficiency. ◦ Too much hormone describes excess, not deficiency. ◦ Stored hormone is not the meaning of deficiency.

تشریح: The correct answer is dementia. In the psychiatry unit, dementia is introduced as a mental disorder due to organic brain disease. ◦ Compulsion is an act or urge linked to obsession. ◦ Panic attack is a sudden attack of anxiety. ◦ Personality disorder is placed among functional or behavioural disorders.

تشریح: The correct answer is compulsion; it means an obsessive pressure or idea that drives the patient to perform an unnecessary act. ◦ Delusion is a false belief. ◦ Mood is a more sustained emotional state. ◦ Affect refers more to temporary emotion and its expression.

تشریح: The correct answer is panic attack. The book defines it as a sudden attack of anxiety. ◦ Sleep disturbance means a problem with sleep. ◦ Mental retardation means delayed mental development. ◦ Substance abuse means harmful use of a substance.

تشریح: The correct answer is psychomotor retardation; it means slowing of movement and thought. ◦ Psychomotor agitation is the opposite: increased movement and thought. ◦ Substance abuse means harmful use of a substance. ◦ Senile dementia is dementia associated with old age.

تشریح: The correct answer is temporary emotions. Affect is expressed through speech, facial expression, or behaviour and is usually more temporary than mood. ◦ Permanent bone union belongs to the bone unit. ◦ Repeated substance use is closer to abuse. ◦ Delayed mental growth is mental retardation.

تشریح: The correct answer is delusions. It is the correct spelling for false beliefs in the psychiatry unit. ◦ Delucions, dilusions, and delusians are incorrect spellings.

تشریح: The correct answer is tinnitus; it means buzzing or ringing in the ear. ◦ Diplopia means double vision. ◦ Vertigo means a spinning sensation. ◦ Paraesthesia means tingling or pins and needles.

تشریح: The correct answer is loss of visual acuity. Visual acuity means clarity of vision. ◦ Auditory rhythm is not the book term for this section. ◦ Motor output is not related to vision. ◦ Cardiac fraction does not fit vision or this unit.

تشریح: The correct answer is paraesthesia; it means tingling or a pins-and-needles sensation. ◦ Anaesthesia means numbness or loss of sensation. ◦ Ataxia means unsteadiness or impaired coordination. ◦ Hoarseness means a rough or harsh voice.

تشریح: The correct answer is temporary failure of cerebral circulation. Syncope is sudden loss of consciousness due to temporary circulatory failure in the brain. ◦ Permanent loss of motor power is closer to paralysis. ◦ Complete loss of visual clarity concerns vision. ◦ Chronic ringing in the ear refers to tinnitus.

تشریح: The correct answer is prodromal symptoms; these are symptoms that appear immediately before an attack. ◦ Pitting is related to oedema. ◦ Malignant refers to cancer or malignancy. ◦ Localized means limited to one area, not occurring before an attack.

تشریح: The correct answer is anaesthesia. The book uses the British spelling. ◦ Anesthesia is the American spelling and is not the target form in this source. ◦ Anesthasia and anasthesia are incorrect spellings.

تشریح: The correct answer is The patient was dizzy before the attack. Dizzy is an adjective and fits naturally after was. ◦ Dizziness is a noun and cannot stand alone after was as an adjective. ◦ Had dizzy is structurally incorrect. ◦ Felt dizziness is not natural in this pattern; felt dizzy or had dizziness is better.

تشریح: The correct answer is abrasion. An abrasion, or graze/scratch, is a superficial injury caused by friction. ◦ Contusion means bruise. ◦ Laceration is a wound with irregular edges involving the dermis and epidermis. ◦ Penetrating wound is deeper than its superficial length.

تشریح: The correct answer is penetrating wound. In this type of wound, the depth is greater than the superficial length. ◦ Incised wound has a superficial length greater than its depth. ◦ Pressure sore is caused by long-term pressure. ◦ Superficial scratch describes only a surface injury.

تشریح: The correct answer is laceration. A laceration, or tear, usually has irregular edges and less bleeding than an incised wound. ◦ Incised wound is usually caused by a sharp object and has more regular edges. ◦ Cold sore is caused by herpes simplex. ◦ Nodule is a localized lump and does not describe this wound.

تشریح: The correct answer is bedsore. Pressure sore, bedsore, and decubitus ulcer refer to wounds caused by long-term pressure. ◦ Cold sore is caused by herpes simplex. ◦ Incised cut is related to a sharp cutting force. ◦ Palpable thrill is a thyroid or vascular term, not a skin wound.

تشریح: The correct answer is contusion. A contusion is a bruise caused by injury to small blood vessels in the skin. ◦ Contution, contussion, and contusian are incorrect spellings.

تشریح: The correct answer is orifice; it means a natural opening such as the mouth or anus. ◦ Shaft is the tube-like body of the endoscope. ◦ Polyp is a protruding growth from a mucous membrane. ◦ Cannula is a tube used to deliver oxygen or fluid.

تشریح: The correct answer is cauterize; it means to stop bleeding by applying heat. ◦ Lubricate means to make the passage slippery. ◦ Recuperate means to recover after an operation or illness. ◦ Consent means to give permission or permission itself.

تشریح: The correct answer is left lateral position. This is the patient position stated in the diagnostic endoscopy report. ◦ Prone central position is not the phrase used in the source. ◦ Right cardiac position is unrelated to the endoscopy text. ◦ Supine thyroid position is a made-up, unsupported phrase.

تشریح: The correct answer is get used to. The doctor says the patient will become accustomed to the tube within a few minutes. ◦ Feed through means to insert or pass a tube through. ◦ Cut out means excise. ◦ Take a sample means biopsy.

تشریح: The correct answer is The patient gave informed consent. In this phrase, consent is used as a formal noun. ◦ Consented is a past-tense verb and cannot follow gave in this phrase. ◦ Consenting is an -ing form and does not fit as the main noun here. ◦ Consents is not natural or source-like in this report phrase.

تشریح: The correct answer is palliative treatment. Its aim is to reduce pain and symptoms, not to cure the disease. ◦ Curative treatment aims to treat the disease or shrink the tumour with a curative intention. ◦ Adjuvant therapy is given with or after another treatment. ◦ Chemotherapy is treatment with anti-cancer drugs.

تشریح: The correct answer is fraction. A daily radiotherapy dose is described as a fraction. ◦ Implant is an internal radioactive material or device. ◦ Beam is the radiation beam. ◦ Relapse is the return of symptoms after improvement.

تشریح: The correct answer is eliminate negative thoughts. CBT aims to remove negative thoughts and change the behaviour that responds to them. ◦ Measure radiation dose belongs to radiotherapy or the radiologist's work. ◦ Repair torn cartilage belongs to surgical or orthopaedic treatment, not CBT. ◦ Insert radioactive implants belongs to internal radiotherapy.

تشریح: The correct answer is Relapse means symptoms return after improvement. Relapse means the return of symptoms after a period of improvement. ◦ Receiving radiation is radiotherapy, not relapse. ◦ Joints becoming mobile again is related to physiotherapy and exercise. ◦ Massage is a physiotherapy method, not the meaning of relapse.