بخش اول
خلاصهٔ آموزشی فصل
Medical Terminology — Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems
English Termاصطلاح اصلی انگلیسی
Meaningمعنی فارسی و مفهوم اصلی
Root / Word Partریشه، پیشوند یا پسوند سازنده
Exam Trapتفاوت یا دام زبانی مهم
۱) Heart anatomy & circulation — ساختمان قلب و گردش خون
endocardiumلایهٔ داخلی قلبendo- = within · cardi/o = heart
myocardiumلایهٔ عضلانی ضخیم قلبmy/o = muscle · cardi/o = heart
epicardiumپوشش سطح خارجی قلبepi- = on / upon
pericardiumکیسهٔ فیبری اطراف قلبperi- = around
atriumحفرهٔ فوقانی دریافتکنندهٔ خونPlural: atria
ventricleحفرهٔ تحتانی پمپکنندهٔ خونAdjective: ventricular
در این فصل باید اصطلاحات را همزمان از دو زاویه یاد بگیری: معنی پزشکی و ساخت واژه. مسیر خون یک چارچوب عالی برای حفظ اصطلاحات است: خون کماکسیژن از vena cava وارد right atrium میشود، از right ventricle به ریه میرود، با pulmonary veins به left atrium برمیگردد و از left ventricle وارد aorta میشود.
این شکل دو مدار را کنار هم نشان میدهد: pulmonary circuit برای ریه و systemic circuit برای بقیهٔ بدن.
pulmonary circuit = گردش ریویsystemic circuit = گردش سیستمیکoxygenated = پراکسیژنdeoxygenated = کماکسیژن
نامهای داخل این شکل مهمترین واژگان آناتومیک فصلاند. جهت فلشهای خود شکل برای مرور ترتیب عبور خون استفاده شود.
right/left atrium = دهلیز راست/چپright/left ventricle = بطن راست/چپaortic valve = دریچه آئورتpulmonary valve = دریچه ریویinterventricular septum = تیغه بینبطنی
سه لایهٔ دیواره قلب
- Endocardium: لایه داخلی و پوشانندهٔ حفرهها و دریچهها
- Myocardium: لایه عضلانی ضخیم و اصلی دیواره
- Epicardium: پوشش خارجی قلب
- Pericardium: کیسهٔ فیبری اطراف قلب؛ جزء سه لایهٔ دیواره نیست
۲) Coronary circulation, heartbeat & ECG
systoleفاز انقباض قلب
diastoleفاز استراحت و پرشدن قلب
arrhythmiaریتم غیرطبیعی قلبa- = without / abnormal + rhythm
fibrillationانقباضات سریع و بیاثر/لرزشی عضله
ischemiaکاهش موضعی خونرسانیبا infarction یکی نیست.
infarctionمرگ موضعی بافت در اثر کمبود خونرسانی
Coronary arteries خونرسانی خود عضلهٔ قلب را انجام میدهند. اختلال در این عروق زمینهٔ مهم ischemia و myocardial infarction است. از نظر زبان، تفاوت myocardial و cardiac مهم است: اولی مشخصاً مربوط به عضلهٔ قلب است، ولی دومی به قلب بهطور کلی اشاره دارد.
نمای قدامی و خلفی عروق کرونر برای یادگیری نام شریانهای اصلی و مفهوم myocardial blood supply.
coronary artery = شریان کرونرmyocardium = میوکاردanterior interventricular artery = شریان بینبطنی قدامی
ضربان طبیعی از sinoatrial (SA) node آغاز میشود؛ سپس پیام به AV node، AV bundle (bundle of His)، شاخهها و Purkinje fibers میرسد.
برای یادگیری sequence سیستم هدایت الکتریکی، این شکل از نامها مهمتر از حفظ جملههای طولانی است.
SA node = گره سینوسیدهلیزیAV node = گره دهلیزیبطنیbundle of His = دسته هیسPurkinje fibers = فیبرهای پورکنژ
در ECG، موج P به دپولاریزاسیون دهلیز، QRS به دپولاریزاسیون بطن و T به رپولاریزاسیون بطن مربوط است.
P wave = موج PQRS complex = کمپلکس QRST wave = موج TS1 = صدای اول قلب، نه موج ECG
۳) Word building — ریشههای قلب و رگ
cardi/oheart — قلب
my/omuscle — عضله
angi/o · vas/ovessel — رگ
arteri/oartery — شریان
phleb/o · ven/ovein — ورید
lymph/olymph / lymphatic system — لنف
| Root | Meaning | نمونهٔ مهم |
|---|---|---|
| cardi/o | heart — قلب | cardiology, cardiomegaly, cardiogenic |
| atri/o | atrium — دهلیز | atrial, atriotomy, interatrial |
| ventricul/o | ventricle — بطن | ventricular, interventricular, supraventricular |
| valv/o, valvul/o | valve — دریچه | valvular, valvotomy, valvuloplasty |
| Root | Meaning | نمونهٔ مهم |
|---|---|---|
| angi/o | vessel — رگ | angiography, angioplasty, angiogenesis |
| vas/o, vascul/o | vessel / duct — رگ یا مجرا | vasodilation, microvascular |
| arter/o, arteri/o | artery — شریان | arteriotomy, endarterectomy |
| arteriol/o | arteriole — آرتریول | arteriolar, arteriolitis |
| aort/o | aorta — آئورت | aortostenosis, aortogram, aortoptosis |
| ven/o, ven/i, phleb/o | vein — ورید | intravenous, phlebitis, phlebectomy |
روش حل سؤالهای Word Building
تعریف را از آخر بخوان. مثال: “incision of an artery” → incision = -tomy و artery = arteri/o، پس arteriotomy. برای “plastic repair of a vessel” → angioplasty.
۴) Vascular system, blood pressure & clinical vocabulary
atherosclerosisتجمع پلاک چربی در پوشش شریانather/o = fatty plaque · -sclerosis = hardening
thrombosisتشکیل لخته درون رگ
embolismانسداد رگ توسط تودهٔ جابهجاشوندهthrombus ≠ embolus
aneurysmاتساع موضعی دیوارهٔ رگ
Artery خون را از قلب دور میکند و vein خون را به قلب برمیگرداند. معیار artery/vein جهت جریان است، نه میزان اکسیژن. Pulmonary artery خون کماکسیژن دارد و pulmonary vein خون پراکسیژن.
Blood pressure با sphygmomanometer اندازهگیری میشود. Systolic pressure فشار حین انقباض بطن و diastolic pressure فشار حین استراحت بطن است.
| Term | معنی | English clue |
|---|---|---|
| atherosclerosis | رسوب پلاک چربی در شریان | fatty plaque in arterial lining |
| thrombosis | تشکیل لخته در رگ | clot forms within a vessel |
| embolism | انسداد با تودهٔ در گردش | traveling mass blocks a vessel |
| aneurysm | اتساع موضعی رگ | localized dilation |
| hypertension | پرفشاری خون | high blood pressure |
| regurgitation | پسزدگی جریان | backward flow |
| prolapse | افتادگی / بیرونزدگی | abnormal displacement |
| stenosis | تنگی | narrowing |
| cyanosis | سیانوز | bluish discoloration |
| dyspnea | تنگی نفس | difficulty breathing |
| diaphoresis | تعریق شدید | profuse sweating |
| syncope | سنکوپ / غش | temporary loss of consciousness |
سه مرحلهٔ مقطع شریان کرونر: بدون پلاک، پلاک تنگکنندهٔ لومن و سپس thrombosis.
plaque = پلاکlumen = لومن/مجرای داخلی رگatherosclerosis = آترواسکلروزthrombus = لخته متصل به دیواره
افتراقهای مهم
- Atherosclerosis: رسوب چربی/پلاک در شریان
- Arteriosclerosis: سختشدن شریان از هر علت
- Thrombus: لختهای که در محل تشکیل شده و به دیواره متصل است
- Embolus: تودهای که در جریان خون حرکت میکند
- Ischemia: کمبود موضعی خون
- Infarction: مرگ موضعی بافت
۵) Lymphatic system — سیستم لنفاوی
lymphadenitisالتهاب و بزرگشدن گرههای لنفاویaden/o = gland / node · -itis = inflammation
lymphangitisالتهاب عروق لنفاوی
lymphedemaتورم ناشی از اختلال یا انسداد جریان لنف
lymphomaنئوپلاسم بافت لنفاوی-oma = tumor
وظیفهٔ اصلی این بخش از نظر فصل: بازگرداندن مایع و پروتئینهای باقیمانده در بافتها به گردش خون و مشارکت در ایمنی. اصطلاح lymphedema یعنی ادم ناشی از اختلال جریان لنف.
رگهای لنفاوی، گرههای لنفاوی و مسیر بازگشت لنف به گردش وریدی در این شکل دیده میشوند.
lymphatic vessel = رگ لنفاویlymph node = گره لنفاویthoracic duct = مجرای سینهایright lymphatic duct = مجرای لنفاوی راست
محل tonsils، thymus، spleen، Peyer patches و appendix برای تمرین labeling فصل مهم است.
tonsils = لوزههاthymus = تیموسspleen = طحالPeyer patches = پلاکهای پایرappendix = آپاندیس
| Root | Meaning | نمونهٔ مهم |
|---|---|---|
| lymph/o | lymph / lymphatic tissue — لنف | lymphedema, lymphangiitis |
| lymphaden/o | lymph node — گره لنفاوی | lymphadenopathy, lymphadenectomy |
| splen/o | spleen — طحال | splenic, splenomegaly, splenectomy |
| thym/o | thymus — تیموس | thymic, thymopathy |
| tonsill/o | tonsil — لوزه | tonsillitis, tonsillectomy |
۶) Language skills — پیشوند، پسوند، صفت و جمعهای پزشکی
-itisinflammation — التهاب
-ectomysurgical removal — برداشت جراحی
-plastyplastic repair — ترمیم جراحی
-stenosisnarrowing — تنگی
inter-between — بین
intra-within — داخلinter- و intra- را اشتباه نکن.
| Prefix | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| endo- | within / inner — درون | endocardium, endarterectomy |
| epi- | on / upon — روی | epicardium |
| peri- | around — اطراف | pericardium |
| inter- | between — بین | interatrial, interventricular |
| intra- | within — داخل | intraaortic, intravenous |
| supra- | above — بالای | supraventricular |
| pre- | before / in front of — پیش یا جلوی | preaortic |
| micro- | small — کوچک | microvascular |
| Word part | Meaning | Example → تحلیل |
|---|---|---|
| -itis | inflammation — التهاب | myocarditis = my/o + cardi/o + -itis |
| -megaly | enlargement — بزرگشدن | cardiomegaly, splenomegaly |
| -stenosis | narrowing — تنگی | aortostenosis, mitral stenosis |
| -sclerosis | hardening — سختشدن | aortosclerosis, arteriosclerosis |
| -ectomy | excision — برداشت جراحی | splenectomy, lymphadenectomy |
| -otomy | incision — برش جراحی | atriotomy, arteriotomy |
| -plasty | plastic/surgical repair — ترمیم جراحی | valvuloplasty, angioplasty |
| -rrhaphy | suture — بخیه | aortorrhaphy |
| -gram | record / image — ثبت یا تصویر | angiogram, aortogram |
| -graphy | process of recording — فرایند ثبت | phonocardiography, echocardiography |
| Pattern | Correct form | نکتهٔ زبان |
|---|---|---|
| atrium → adjective | atrial | -um حذف و -al اضافه میشود |
| myocardium → adjective | myocardial | با cardiac اشتباه نشود؛ myocardial = مربوط به عضلهٔ قلب |
| heart → adjective | cardiac | cardiac با cardiogenic فرق دارد |
| valve → adjective | valvular / valvar | هر دو در منبع پذیرفته شدهاند |
| ventricle → adjective | ventricular | پسوند -ar |
| thymus → adjective | thymic | شکل غیرقابل حدس؛ حفظ شود |
| thrombus → plural | thrombi | -us → -i |
| varix → plural | varices | شکل لاتین |
| stenosis → plural | stenoses | -is → -es |
| septum → plural | septa | -um → -a |
دام زبان تخصصی
-ectomy = excision/removal، ولی -otomy = incision. بنابراین phlebectomy «برداشت ورید» است و phlebotomy «برش/ورود به ورید برای گرفتن خون».
۷) High-yield vocabulary & abbreviations
| English term | معنی فارسی | نکتهٔ کاربردی |
|---|---|---|
| atrium | دهلیز | upper receiving chamber |
| ventricle | بطن | lower pumping chamber |
| septum | دیواره/تیغه جداکننده | interatrial / interventricular |
| valve | دریچه | prevents backward flow |
| myocardium | عضلهٔ قلب | thick muscular layer |
| pericardium | کیسهٔ فیبری اطراف قلب | fibrous sac |
| systole | سیستول؛ انقباض | contraction phase |
| diastole | دیاستول؛ شلشدن | relaxation phase |
| murmur | سوفل قلبی | abnormal heart sound |
| arrhythmia | آریتمی | abnormal heart rhythm |
| ischemia | ایسکمی | local deficiency of blood |
| infarction | انفارکتوس | local tissue death |
| Term / abbreviation | Meaning | معنی فارسی |
|---|---|---|
| ECG | electrocardiogram | ثبت فعالیت الکتریکی قلب |
| TEE | transesophageal echocardiography | اکوکاردیوگرافی از راه مری |
| PTCA | percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty | آنژیوپلاستی کرونری از راه پوست و داخل لومن |
| CABG | coronary artery bypass graft | بایپس عروق کرونر |
| MVR | mitral valve replacement | تعویض دریچه میترال |
| AED | automated external defibrillator | دفیبریلاتور خارجی خودکار |
| LVAD | left ventricular assist device | دستگاه کمکبطن چپ |
| DVT | deep vein thrombosis | ترومبوز ورید عمقی |
| VF | ventricular fibrillation | فیبریلاسیون بطنی |
| BBB | bundle branch block | بلوک شاخه دسته هیس |
۸) مرور سریع و دامهای امتحانی
دامهای واژگانی
- cardiac = مربوط به قلب؛ myocardial = مربوط به عضلهٔ قلب.
- artery و vein را با اکسیژن تعریف نکن؛ با جهت جریان تعریف کن.
- left AV valve = mitral = bicuspid.
- right AV valve = tricuspid.
- regurgitation یعنی backward flow، ولی prolapse یعنی جابهجایی/افتادگی ساختار.
- asystole نبود ضربان است؛ fibrillation لرزش بیاثر عضله.
- stenosis = narrowing؛ ectasia = dilation.
- antiseptic و disinfectant در این فصل محور نیستند؛ تمرکز روی roots و clinical cardiovascular terms است.
روش سریع تحلیل اصطلاح
- Suffix را پیدا کن: نوع عمل/بیماری چیست؟
- Root را پیدا کن: کدام عضو؟
- Prefix را اضافه کن: محل، جهت یا شدت چیست؟
- تعریف نهایی را از suffix به سمت چپ بساز.
- برای adjective/plural به شکل واژه دقت کن، نه ترجمهٔ لفظی.
بخش دوم
حل کامل تمرینهای فصل
تمام تمرینها با صورت کامل سؤال و پاسخ نهایی؛ گزینههای تستی نیز بهطور کامل حفظ شدهاند.
Pretest — سؤال و پاسخ کامل
Multiple Choice. Select the best answer. صورت سؤال، گزینهها و پاسخ صحیح همزمان نمایش داده میشوند.
۱
Question
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and
a. lungs
b. digestive organs
c. blood vessels
d. endocrine system
Answer
c. blood vessels
cardiovascular system = heart + blood vessels.
۲
Question
The thick, muscular layer of the heart wall is the
a. endocardium
b. valve
c. myocardium
d. apex
Answer
c. myocardium
my/o = muscle; myocardium is the thick muscular layer.
۳
Question
An upper chamber of the heart is a(n)
a. ventricle
b. atrium
c. base
d. systole
Answer
b. atrium
Atria are the upper receiving chambers.
۴
Question
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart is a(n)
a. vein
b. chamber
c. lymph node
d. artery
Answer
d. artery
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
۵
Question
The tonsils, spleen, and thymus are part of the
a. digestive system
b. endocrine system
c. epicardium
d. lymphatic system
Answer
d. lymphatic system
All are lymphoid organs or tissue.
۶
Question
The medical term for a “heart attack” is
a. cerebrovascular accident
b. myocardial infarction
c. aneurysm
d. pneumonia
Answer
b. myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction is necrosis of myocardium due to ischemia.
۷
Question
The accumulation of fatty deposits in the lining of a vessel is called
a. obesity
b. stent
c. atherosclerosis
d. angiogenesis
Answer
c. atherosclerosis
ather/o refers to fatty plaque.
۸
Question
Phlebitis is inflammation of a
a. vein
b. heart
c. blood cell
d. nerve
Answer
a. vein
phleb/o = vein; -itis = inflammation.
Exercise 10-1 — Heart roots & word building
Complete the exercise. هر سؤال همراه پاسخ نهایی آن آمده است.
۱
Question
A valvuloplasty is plastic repair of a(n) _____.
Answer
valve
۲
Question
Atriotomy means surgical incision of a(n) _____.
Answer
atrium
۳
Question
Interventricular means between the _____.
Answer
ventricles
۴
Question
Cardiomegaly means enlargement of the _____.
Answer
heart
۵
Question
Pertaining to an atrium (-al).
Answer
atrial
۶
Question
Pertaining to the myocardium (-al).
Answer
myocardial
۷
Question
Pertaining to the heart (-ac).
Answer
cardiac
۸
Question
Pertaining to a valve (-ar).
Answer
valvular; also valvar
۹
Question
Pertaining to a ventricle (-ar).
Answer
ventricular
۱۰
Question
Pertaining to the pericardium (-al).
Answer
pericardial
۱۱
Question
Inflammation of the fibrous sac around the heart.
Answer
pericarditis
۱۲
Question
Inflammation of the heart’s lining (usually at a valve).
Answer
endocarditis
۱۳
Question
Inflammation of the heart muscle.
Answer
myocarditis
۱۴
Question
Originating (-genic) in the heart.
Answer
cardiogenic
۱۵
Question
Surgical incision of a valve.
Answer
valvotomy; also valvulotomy
۱۶
Question
Pertaining to an atrium and a ventricle.
Answer
atrioventricular
۱۷
Question
Between (inter-) the atria.
Answer
interatrial
۱۸
Question
Study (-logy) of the heart.
Answer
cardiology
Exercise 10-2 — Blood-vessel roots
Complete the exercise. هر سؤال همراه پاسخ نهایی آن آمده است.
۱
Question
Angioedema is localized swelling caused by changes in _____.
Answer
vessels
۲
Question
Vasodilation means dilation of a(n) _____.
Answer
vessel
۳
Question
Aortostenosis is narrowing of _____.
Answer
aorta
۴
Question
Endarterectomy is removal of the inner lining of a(n) _____.
Answer
artery
۵
Question
Arteriolitis is inflammation of a(n) _____.
Answer
arteriole
۶
Question
Phlebectasia is dilatation of a(n) _____.
Answer
vein
۷
Question
Microvascular means pertaining to small _____.
Answer
vessels
۸
Question
Define arteriorrhexis.
Answer
rupture of an artery
۹
Question
Define intraaortic.
Answer
within the aorta
۱۰
Question
Define angiitis (angitis/vasculitis).
Answer
inflammation of a vessel or vessels
۱۱
Question
Define phlebitis.
Answer
inflammation of a vein
۱۲
Question
Define cardiovascular.
Answer
pertaining to the heart and vessels
۱۳
Question
Use -gram: radiograph of vessels (angi/o).
Answer
angiogram
۱۴
Question
Use -gram: radiograph of the aorta.
Answer
aortogram
۱۵
Question
Use -gram: radiograph of veins.
Answer
phlebogram; venogram
۱۶
Question
Using angi/o: plastic repair (-plasty) of a vessel.
Answer
angioplasty
۱۷
Question
Using angi/o: any disease (-pathy) of a vessel.
Answer
angiopathy
۱۸
Question
Using angi/o: dilatation (-ectasis) of a vessel.
Answer
angiectasis; also hemangiectasis
۱۹
Question
Using angi/o: formation (-genesis) of a vessel.
Answer
angiogenesis
۲۰
Question
Excision of a vein.
Answer
phlebectomy; venectomy
۲۱
Question
Hardening (-sclerosis) of the aorta.
Answer
aortosclerosis
۲۲
Question
Within (intra-) a vein.
Answer
intravenous
۲۳
Question
Incision of an artery.
Answer
arteriotomy
Exercise 10-3 — Lymphatic roots
Complete the exercise. هر سؤال همراه پاسخ نهایی آن آمده است.
۱
Question
Tonsillectomy is surgical removal of a(n) _____.
Answer
tonsil
۲
Question
Thymopathy is any disease of the _____.
Answer
thymus
۳
Question
Lymphadenectomy is surgical removal of a(n) _____.
Answer
lymph node
۴
Question
Lymphedema means swelling caused by obstruction of the flow of _____.
Answer
lymph
۵
Question
A lymphangioma is a tumor of _____.
Answer
lymphatic vessels
۶
Question
Splenic means pertaining to the _____.
Answer
spleen
۷
Question
Identify and define the root in lymphangial.
Answer
lymphangi/o — lymphatic vessel
۸
Question
Identify and define the root in perisplenitis.
Answer
splen/o — spleen
۹
Question
Identify and define the root in lymphadenography.
Answer
lymphaden/o — lymph node
۱۰
Question
Identify and define the root in tonsillectomy.
Answer
tonsill/o — tonsil
۱۱
Question
Identify and define the root in hypothymism.
Answer
thym/o — thymus
۱۲
Question
Enlargement (-megaly) of the spleen.
Answer
splenomegaly
۱۳
Question
Inflammation of a tonsil.
Answer
tonsillitis
۱۴
Question
Any disease (-pathy) of the lymph nodes.
Answer
lymphadenopathy
۱۵
Question
Inflammation of lymphatic vessels.
Answer
lymphangitis; also lymphangiitis
۱۶
Question
Pertaining to (-ic) the thymus.
Answer
thymic
۱۷
Question
A tumor (-oma) of lymphatic tissue.
Answer
lymphoma
Chapter Review — Labeling Exercise: The Cardiovascular System
Labeling exercise — صورت تمرین و کلید پاسخ هر دو حفظ شدهاند.
Question: Write the name of each numbered part on the corresponding line of the answer sheet.
Word bank: Aorta · Head and arms · Inferior vena cava · Internal organs · Left atrium · Left lung · Left pulmonary artery · Left pulmonary vein · Left ventricle · Legs · Right atrium · Right lung · Right ventricle · Superior vena cava
| No. | Question | Answer |
|---|---|---|
| ۱ | Label 1 | right atrium |
| ۲ | Label 2 | right ventricle |
| ۳ | Label 3 | left pulmonary artery |
| ۴ | Label 4 | left lung |
| ۵ | Label 5 | right lung |
| ۶ | Label 6 | left pulmonary vein |
| ۷ | Label 7 | left atrium |
| ۸ | Label 8 | left ventricle |
| ۹ | Label 9 | aorta |
| ۱۰ | Label 10 | head and arms |
| ۱۱ | Label 11 | superior vena cava |
| ۱۲ | Label 12 | internal organs |
| ۱۳ | Label 13 | legs |
| ۱۴ | Label 14 | inferior vena cava |
Chapter Review — The Heart and Great Vessels
Labeling exercise — صورت تمرین و کلید پاسخ هر دو حفظ شدهاند.
Question: Write the name of each numbered part on the corresponding line of the answer sheet.
Word bank: Aortic arch · Aortic valve · Apex · Ascending aorta · Endocardium · Epicardium · Inferior vena cava · Interventricular septum · Left atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve · Left atrium · Left pulmonary artery · Left pulmonary veins · Left ventricle · Myocardium · Pulmonary trunk · Pulmonary valve · Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve · Right atrium · Right pulmonary artery · Right ventricle · Superior vena cava
| No. | Question | Answer |
|---|---|---|
| ۱ | Label 1 | superior vena cava |
| ۲ | Label 2 | inferior vena cava |
| ۳ | Label 3 | right atrium |
| ۴ | Label 4 | right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve |
| ۵ | Label 5 | right ventricle |
| ۶ | Label 6 | pulmonary valve |
| ۷ | Label 7 | pulmonary trunk |
| ۸ | Label 8 | right pulmonary artery |
| ۹ | Label 9 | left pulmonary artery |
| ۱۰ | Label 10 | left pulmonary veins |
| ۱۱ | Label 11 | left atrium |
| ۱۲ | Label 12 | left atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve |
| ۱۳ | Label 13 | left ventricle |
| ۱۴ | Label 14 | aortic valve |
| ۱۵ | Label 15 | ascending aorta |
| ۱۶ | Label 16 | aortic arch |
| ۱۷ | Label 17 | apex |
| ۱۸ | Label 18 | interventricular septum |
| ۱۹ | Label 19 | endocardium |
| ۲۰ | Label 20 | myocardium |
| ۲۱ | Label 21 | epicardium |
Chapter Review — Location of Lymphoid Organs and Tissue
Labeling exercise — صورت تمرین و کلید پاسخ هر دو حفظ شدهاند.
Question: Write the name of each numbered part on the corresponding line of the answer sheet.
Word bank: Appendix · Peyer patches · Spleen · Thymus · Tonsils
| No. | Question | Answer |
|---|---|---|
| ۱ | Label 1 | tonsils |
| ۲ | Label 2 | thymus |
| ۳ | Label 3 | spleen |
| ۴ | Label 4 | Peyer patches |
| ۵ | Label 5 | appendix |
Chapter Review — Terminology Matching
Matching — اصطلاح، گزینههای تعریف و پاسخ صحیح همزمان نمایش داده میشوند.
Question: Match each medical term with the correct definition.
Choices 1–5: a. twisted and swollen vessel · b. blockage · c. absence of a heartbeat · d. localized dilatation of a vessel · e. accumulation of fatty deposits
۱
Question
atherosclerosis
Answer
e — accumulation of fatty deposits
۲
Question
varix
Answer
a — twisted and swollen vessel
۳
Question
occlusion
Answer
b — blockage
۴
Question
aneurysm
Answer
d — localized dilatation of a vessel
۵
Question
asystole
Answer
c — absence of a heartbeat
Choices 6–10: a. ineffective quivering of muscle · b. formation of a blood clot in a vessel · c. inflammation of the heart muscle · d. local deficiency of blood · e. local death of tissue
۶
Question
thrombosis
Answer
b — formation of a blood clot in a vessel
۷
Question
myocarditis
Answer
c — inflammation of the heart muscle
۸
Question
infarction
Answer
e — local death of tissue
۹
Question
fibrillation
Answer
a — ineffective quivering of muscle
۱۰
Question
ischemia
Answer
d — local deficiency of blood
Choices 11–15: a. vessel that empties into the right atrium · b. fibrous sac around the heart · c. structure that keeps fluid moving forward · d. central opening of a vessel · e. lower, pointed region of the heart
۱۱
Question
lumen
Answer
d — central opening of a vessel
۱۲
Question
pericardium
Answer
b — fibrous sac around the heart
۱۳
Question
apex
Answer
e — lower, pointed region of the heart
۱۴
Question
vena cava
Answer
a — vessel that empties into the right atrium
۱۵
Question
valve
Answer
c — structure that keeps fluid moving forward
Choices 16–20: a. stroke · b. a type of blood lipid · c. rapid beat in the heart’s lower chambers · d. high blood pressure · e. surgery to bypass a blocked vessel
۱۶
Question
HDL
Answer
b — a type of blood lipid
۱۷
Question
hypertension
Answer
d — high blood pressure
۱۸
Question
ventricular tachycardia
Answer
c — rapid beat in the heart’s lower chambers
۱۹
Question
CVA
Answer
a — stroke
۲۰
Question
CABG
Answer
e — surgery to bypass a blocked vessel
Choices 21–25 — Enrichment Terms: a. removal of plaque · b. drug that increases urinary output · c. premature contraction · d. drug used to dissolve blood clots · e. backward flow
۲۱
Question
diuretic
Answer
b — drug that increases urinary output
۲۲
Question
regurgitation
Answer
e — backward flow
۲۳
Question
thrombolytic
Answer
d — drug used to dissolve blood clots
۲۴
Question
endarterectomy
Answer
a — removal of plaque
۲۵
Question
extrasystole
Answer
c — premature contraction
Chapter Review — Fill in the Blanks
Complete each sentence with the correct medical term.
۲۶
Question
The heart muscle is the _____.
Answer
myocardium
۲۷
Question
A microscopic vessel through which materials are exchanged between the blood and the tissues is a(n) _____.
Answer
capillary
۲۸
Question
Each upper receiving chamber of the heart is a(n) _____.
Answer
atrium
۲۹
Question
A sinus rhythm originates in the _____.
Answer
sinoatrial (SA) node
۳۰
Question
The largest artery is the _____.
Answer
aorta
۳۱
Question
A phlebotomist is one who drains blood from a(n) _____.
Answer
vein
۳۲
Question
The term varicoid pertains to a(n) _____.
Answer
varicose vein / varix
۳۳
Question
The lymphoid organ in the chest is the _____.
Answer
thymus
۳۴
Question
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit enters the chamber called the _____.
Answer
right atrium
۳۵
Question
At its termination in the abdomen, the aorta divides into the right and left _____.
Answer
common iliac arteries
۳۶
Question
The large artery in the neck that supplies blood to the brain is the _____.
Answer
common carotid artery
۳۷
Question
The large vein that drains the lower body and empties into the heart is the _____.
Answer
inferior vena cava
۳۸
Question
The right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct drain into vessels called the _____.
Answer
subclavian veins
۳۹
Question
In Carlos’s case study, the device he wore to record his heart rhythm is called a(n) _____.
Answer
Holter monitor
۴۰
Question
The abnormal heart rhythm that prevented Carlos from completing basic training is termed _____.
Answer
atrial fibrillation
۴۱
Question
The catheterization technique used to correct Carlos’s arrhythmia is termed cardiac _____.
Answer
ablation
Chapter Review — True / False
If false, replace the incorrect idea with the correct one.
۴۲
Question
The left AV valve is the aortic valve.
Answer
F — mitral (bicuspid) valve
۴۳
Question
The pulmonary vein carries blood to the lungs.
Answer
F — pulmonary vein carries blood to the heart
۴۴
Question
The brachial artery supplies blood to the leg.
Answer
F — arm
۴۵
Question
Diastole is the relaxation phase of the heart cycle.
Answer
T
۴۶
Question
The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta.
Answer
T
۴۷
Question
Blood returning from the lungs to the heart enters the left atrium.
Answer
T
۴۸
Question
The systemic circuit pumps blood to the lungs.
Answer
F — pulmonary circuit
۴۹
Question
An artery is a vessel that carries blood back to the heart.
Answer
F — vein
۵۰
Question
Peyer patches are in the intestine.
Answer
T
۵۱
Question
Bradycardia is a lower-than-average heart rate.
Answer
T
۵۲
Question
A beta-adrenergic blocking agent slows the heart rate.
Answer
T
Chapter Review — Eliminations
Underline the word that does not fit with the rest and explain why.
۵۳
Question
SA node — Purkinje fibers — apex — AV node — AV bundle
Answer
apex — the others are parts of the cardiac conduction system.
۵۴
Question
murmur — systolic — sphygmomanometer — mm Hg — diastolic
Answer
murmur — the others are terms used in blood-pressure measurement.
۵۵
Question
U — S1 — QRS — T — P
Answer
S1 — the others are ECG waves/components.
۵۶
Question
thymus — spleen — cusp — tonsil — Peyer patches
Answer
cusp — the others are lymphoid organs/tissue.
Chapter Review — Definitions & Word Formation
Define the term or construct the requested medical word.
۵۷
Question
Define: avascular (a-VAS-ku-lar).
Answer
without vessels
۵۸
Question
Define: atriotomy (a-tre-OT-o-me).
Answer
incision of an atrium
۵۹
Question
Define: splenectomy (sple-NEK-to-me).
Answer
surgical removal of the spleen
۶۰
Question
Define: supraventricular (su-prah-ven-TRIK-u-lar).
Answer
above a ventricle
۶۱
Question
Define: phlebectasis (fleb-EK-tah-sis).
Answer
dilatation of a vein
۶۲
Question
Write a word: an instrument (-tome) for incising a valve.
Answer
valvotome; valvulotome
۶۳
Question
Write a word: suture (-rhaphy) of the aorta.
Answer
aortorrhaphy
۶۴
Question
Write a word: excision of a lymph node.
Answer
lymphadenectomy
۶۵
Question
Write a word: physician who specializes in study and treatment of the heart.
Answer
cardiologist
۶۶
Question
Write a word: stoppage (-stasis) of lymph flow.
Answer
lymphostasis
۶۷
Question
Write a word: surgical fixation (-pexy) of the spleen.
Answer
splenopexy
۶۸
Question
Using aort/o: narrowing (-stenosis) of the aorta.
Answer
aortostenosis
۶۹
Question
Using aort/o: downward displacement (-ptosis) of the aorta.
Answer
aortoptosis
۷۰
Question
Using aort/o: radiograph (-gram) of the aorta.
Answer
aortogram
۷۱
Question
Using aort/o: before or in front of (pre-) the aorta.
Answer
preaortic
Chapter Review — Adjectives
Write the adjective form of each word.
۷۲
Question
Write the adjective form of: ventricle.
Answer
ventricular
۷۳
Question
Write the adjective form of: septum.
Answer
septal
۷۴
Question
Write the adjective form of: valve.
Answer
valvular; valvar
۷۵
Question
Write the adjective form of: thymus.
Answer
thymic
۷۶
Question
Write the adjective form of: sclerosis.
Answer
sclerotic
۷۷
Question
Write the adjective form of: spleen.
Answer
splenic; splenetic
Chapter Review — Plurals
Write the plural form.
۷۸
Question
Write the plural of: thrombus.
Answer
thrombi
۷۹
Question
Write the plural of: varix.
Answer
varices
۸۰
Question
Write the plural of: stenosis.
Answer
stenoses
۸۱
Question
Write the plural of: septum.
Answer
septa
Chapter Review — Abbreviations
Write the meaning of each abbreviation.
۸۲
Question
What does AED mean in the cardiovascular context?
Answer
automated external defibrillator
۸۳
Question
What does LVAD mean?
Answer
left ventricular assist device
۸۴
Question
What does DVT mean?
Answer
deep vein thrombosis
۸۵
Question
What does VF mean?
Answer
ventricular fibrillation
۸۶
Question
What does BBB mean?
Answer
bundle branch block
۸۷
Question
What does PTCA mean?
Answer
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Chapter Review — Word Building
Use the supplied word parts (-pathy, phleb, lymph/o, -oma, angi/o, -itis, aden/o, -plasty).
۸۸
Question
Using the given word parts, write a word meaning: inflammation of a vein.
Answer
phlebitis
۸۹
Question
Any disease of a lymph node.
Answer
lymphadenopathy
۹۰
Question
Neoplasm involving the lymphatic system.
Answer
lymphoma
۹۱
Question
Plastic repair of any vessel.
Answer
angioplasty
۹۲
Question
Inflammation of a lymphatic vessel.
Answer
lymphangiitis; lymphangitis
۹۳
Question
Any disease of a vessel.
Answer
angiopathy
۹۴
Question
Inflammation of a lymph node.
Answer
lymphadenitis
۹۵
Question
Plastic repair of a vein.
Answer
phleboplasty
۹۶
Question
Neoplasm of a lymph node.
Answer
lymphadenoma
۹۷
Question
Tumor involving any vessels.
Answer
angioma
Chapter Review — Word Analysis
Define each term and analyze its word parts.
۹۸
Question
Define phonocardiography and give the meaning of phon/o, cardi/o, and -graphy.
Answer
phonocardiography = recording of the heart’s sounds. phon/o = sound · cardi/o = heart · -graphy = act/process of recording
۹۹
Question
Define endarterectomy and give the meaning of end/o, arteri/o, ecto-, and -tomy.
Answer
endarterectomy = excision of the inner layer of an artery thickened by atherosclerosis. end/o = within · arteri/o = artery · ecto- = out · -tomy = to cut/incision
۱۰۰
Question
Define telangiectasia and give the meaning of tel-, angi/o, and -ectasia.
Answer
telangiectasia = permanent dilation of small blood vessels causing small local red lesions. tel- = end · angi/o = vessel · -ectasia = dilation
۱۰۱
Question
Define lymphangiophlebitis and give the meaning of lymph/o, angi/o, phleb/o, and -itis.
Answer
lymphangiophlebitis = inflammation of lymphatic vessels and veins. lymph/o = lymphatic system · angi/o = vessel · phleb/o = vein · -itis = inflammation
Additional Case Studies 10-1A & 10-1B — Multiple Choice
Select the best answer. تمام گزینهها و پاسخ صحیح با هم آمدهاند.
۱
Question
The word transluminal means
a. across a wall
b. between branches
c. through a valve
d. through a central opening
Answer
d. through a central opening
۲
Question
The term that means backflow, as of blood, is
a. infarction
b. regurgitation
c. amplitude
d. prolapse
Answer
b. regurgitation
۳
Question
The term for a narrowing of the bicuspid valve is
a. atrial stenosis
b. tricuspid prolapse
c. mitral stenosis
d. pulmonic prolapse
Answer
c. mitral stenosis
۴
Question
Blowout of a dilated segment of the main artery is
a. peritoneal infarction
b. coarctation of the aorta
c. cardiac tamponade
d. ruptured aortic aneurysm
Answer
d. ruptured aortic aneurysm
۵
Question
Sternotomy is
a. incision into the sternum
b. removal of the sternum
c. narrowing of the sternum
d. surgical fixation of the sternum
Answer
a. incision into the sternum
۶
Question
Extracorporeal circulation occurs
a. within the brain
b. within the pericardium
c. outside the body
d. in the legs
Answer
c. outside the body
۷
Question
Protamine was given to counteract the action of the heparin. This drug action is described as
a. antagonistic
b. synergy
c. potentiating
d. simulation
Answer
a. antagonistic
Additional Case Studies — Terms from the Cases
Write the word or phrase from the case studies that matches each definition.
۸
Question
Write the word or phrase from the case studies meaning: shortness of breath.
Answer
dyspnea
۹
Question
An abnormal heart sound.
Answer
murmur
۱۰
Question
Test of cardiac function during physical exertion.
Answer
stress test
۱۱
Question
Pertaining to both the heart and blood vessels.
Answer
cardiovascular
۱۲
Question
Excision of the inner lining along with atherosclerotic plaque from an artery (plural).
Answer
endarterectomies
۱۳
Question
Under the tongue.
Answer
sublingual
۱۴
Question
Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen.
Answer
cyanosis
۱۵
Question
The state of profuse perspiration.
Answer
diaphoresis
۱۶
Question
Between the atria.
Answer
interatrial
۱۷
Question
Below the sternum.
Answer
substernal
Additional Case Studies — Abbreviations
Define each abbreviation from the case studies.
۱۸
Question
Define the abbreviation ECG.
Answer
electrocardiogram
۱۹
Question
Define the abbreviation AMI.
Answer
acute myocardial infarction
۲۰
Question
Define the abbreviation CAD.
Answer
coronary artery disease
۲۱
Question
Define the abbreviation LAD.
Answer
left anterior descending
۲۲
Question
Define the abbreviation CHF.
Answer
congestive heart failure
۲۳
Question
Define the abbreviation TEE.
Answer
transesophageal echocardiogram / echocardiography
۲۴
Question
Define the abbreviation MVR.
Answer
mitral valve replacement
۲۵
Question
Define the abbreviation CCU.
Answer
coronary / cardiac care unit