بخش اول
خلاصهٔ آموزشی فصل
Medical Terminology — Blood & Immunity
English Termاصطلاح اصلی انگلیسی
Meaningمعنی فارسی و مفهوم اصلی
Root / Word Partریشه، پیشوند یا پسوند سازنده
Exam Trapدام زبانی یا افتراقی مهم
۱) Blood composition — ترکیب خون و پلاسما
plasmaبخش مایع خونplasm/o = plasmaبا serum یکی نیست.
formed elementsاجزای سلولی خونشامل RBC، WBC و platelets
serumمایع باقیمانده پس از انعقادplasma minus clotting factors
electrolyteمادهای که در محلول به یونها جدا میشوددر blood chemistry مهم است.
حجم خون بزرگسال حدود ۵ لیتر است. کل خون از دو بخش اصلی تشکیل میشود: plasma حدود ۵۵٪ و formed elements حدود ۴۵٪. پلاسما تقریباً ۹۰٪ آب دارد و بخش باقیمانده شامل مواد غذایی، الکترولیتها، گازها، آلبومین، عوامل انعقادی، آنتیبادیها، مواد دفعی، آنزیمها و هورمونهاست. pH پلاسما در متن حدود 7.4 ذکر شده است.
شکل نسبت تقریبی پلاسما و اجزای سلولی خون را نشان میدهد.
نکتهٔ آموزشی: برای سؤالهای عددی، «۵۵٪ پلاسما / ۴۵٪ formed elements» را با «۹۰٪ آب در پلاسما» قاطی نکن.
| Term | معنی / کاربرد |
|---|---|
| plasma | بخش مایع خون که clotting factors را دارد. |
| serum | بخش مایع پس از انعقاد؛ معادل پلاسما بدون عوامل انعقادی. |
| albumin | پروتئین پلاسما. |
| electrolyte | مادهٔ محلول که به یونها تفکیک میشود. |
۲) Blood cells — RBC, WBC & Platelets
erythrocyteگلبول قرمزerythr/o = red · cyt/o = cellعمر تقریبی: ۱۲۰ روز
leukocyteگلبول سفیدleuk/o = white · cyt/o = cellتعداد کل با differential count فرق دارد.
platelet / thrombocyteپلاکتthrombocyt/o = plateletقطعهٔ سلولی، نه سلول کامل
erythropoietin (EPO)هورمون تحریککنندهٔ تولید RBCدر کلیه ساخته میشود.
تمام سلولهای خونی در red bone marrow ساخته میشوند. RBCها فراوانترین عنصر سلولیاند و اکسیژن را به کمک hemoglobin حمل میکنند. WBCها در دفاع و ایمنی نقش دارند و platelets در hemostasis و شروع انعقاد شرکت میکنند.
| Cell | Approx. count / μL | Key feature | Main function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Erythrocyte | ~5,000,000 | دیسک دوطرف مقعر، بدون هسته | حمل O₂ با hemoglobin |
| Leukocyte | ~5,000–10,000 | هستهدار؛ چند نوع مختلف | دفاع، فاگوسیتوز و ایمنی |
| Platelet | ~150,000–450,000 | قطعهٔ megakaryocyte | hemostasis و platelet plug |
اسمیر خون شامل erythrocytes، یک leukocyte و platelets.
نکتهٔ آموزشی: اندازه و تعداد نسبی سلولها را ببین: RBCها بسیار فراواناند، WBC بزرگتر و هستهدار است، platelet بسیار کوچکتر است.
۳) Leukocyte differential — پنج نوع WBC
| Cell | Class | Adult % in source | Main function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutrophil | Granulocyte | 54–62% | phagocytosis |
| Eosinophil | Granulocyte | 1–3% | allergic reactions; defense against parasites |
| Basophil | Granulocyte | <1% | allergic reactions |
| Lymphocyte | Agranulocyte | 25–38% | immunity; T & B cells |
| Monocyte | Agranulocyte | 3–7% | phagocytosis |
neutrophilشایعترین WBCneutr/o + -philseg / poly / PMN نیز گفته میشود.
band cellنوتروفیل نابالغافزایش آن در خون = active infection در متن
granulocyteWBC دارای گرانول قابل مشاهدهgranul/o = granuleneutrophil + eosinophil + basophil
agranulocyteWBC بدون گرانول قابل مشاهدهlymphocyte + monocyte
مقایسهٔ یک mature neutrophil با immature band (stab) cell.
نکتهٔ آموزشی: band cell را با monocyte اشتباه نکن؛ band یک neutrophil نابالغ است.
Exam traps
- Neutrophil شایعترین WBC است.
- Monocyte بزرگترین WBC معرفی شده است.
- Lymphocyte کوچکتر از monocyte و در adaptive immunity بسیار مهم است.
- Band cell = immature neutrophil، نه immature monocyte.
۴) Hemostasis & coagulation — هموستاز و انعقاد
hemostasisتوقف خونریزیhem/o = blood · -stasis = stoppingبا thrombosis یکی نیست.
coagulationفرایند لختهشدن خون
fibrinogenپیشساز غیرفعال fibrin
fibrinپروتئین رشتهای نهایی لخته
thrombinآنزیمی که fibrinogen را به fibrin تبدیل میکند
prothrombinپیشساز thrombin
پس از آسیب رگ، platelets به محل آسیب میچسبند و platelet plug میسازند. سپس عوامل انعقادی فعال میشوند و در واکنش نهایی fibrinogen → fibrin تبدیل میشود. رشتههای fibrin سلولها و پلاسما را گیر میاندازند و clot میسازند.
Vessel injury←Platelet plug←Clotting factors←Fibrin←Clot
توالی انعقاد تا تشکیل fibrin و clot.
نکتهٔ آموزشی: سؤالهای واژگان اغلب precursor و product را جابهجا میکنند: fibrinogen precursor است، fibrin محصول نهایی رشتهای.
۵) Blood typing — ABO, Rh & cross-matching
agglutinationکلوخهشدن سلولها در حضور آنتیبادی اختصاصیagglutin/o = clumpوجود antigen متناظر را نشان میدهد.
antiserumسرم حاوی antibody اختصاصی
cross-matchingآزمون سازگاری donor RBC با recipient serum
Rh factorگروه Rh مثبت یا منفیدر انتقال خون اهمیت دارد.
| Blood type | Anti-A | Anti-B | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Agglutination | No agglutination | A antigen present |
| B | No agglutination | Agglutination | B antigen present |
| AB | Agglutination | Agglutination | A and B antigens present |
| O | No agglutination | No agglutination | Neither A nor B antigen detected |
واکنش agglutination نمونههای ABO با anti-A و anti-B sera.
نکتهٔ آموزشی: در شرایط اورژانسی، متن O Rh-negative را بهعنوان خون RBC با کمترین احتمال القای پاسخ مطرح میکند؛ اما cross-match کاملتر از ABO/Rh است.
۶) Immunity — innate vs adaptive
innate immunityایمنی ذاتی و غیر اختصاصیinnate = inbornاز ابتدا وجود دارد.
adaptive immunityایمنی اکتسابی و اختصاصیadaptive = acquired/specificدر طول زندگی ایجاد میشود.
antigenمادهای که پاسخ ایمنی را برمیانگیزد
antibody / immunoglobulinمولکول تولیدشده علیه antigenIg = immunoglobulinB cell → plasma cell → antibody
| Type | Source / mechanism | Specific? | Key point |
|---|---|---|---|
| Innate | skin, cilia, mucus, secretions, reflexes, phagocytes | No | inborn; nonspecific |
| Adaptive — T cell | cell-mediated immunity | Yes | T cells mature in thymus |
| Adaptive — B cell | humoral immunity | Yes | B cells mature in bone marrow; plasma cells make antibodies |
تقسیمبندی innate و adaptive و شاخههای natural/artificial و active/passive.
نکتهٔ آموزشی: این شکل را بهصورت درختی بخوان؛ دو محور جدا داریم: natural vs artificial و active vs passive.
طرح کلی antigen–antibody reaction.
نکتهٔ آموزشی: Antigen محرک پاسخ است؛ antibody محصول پاسخ B-cell/plasma-cell است.
۷) Sources of adaptive immunity — active & passive
| Route | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Natural | تماس با عامل بیماری یا antigen و ساخت antibody توسط خود فرد | انتقال antibody از مادر به جنین یا از راه شیر |
| Artificial | vaccine؛ ارگانیسم کشته/ضعیف، بخشی از ارگانیسم یا toxoid | immune serum از انسان یا حیوان |
دامهای اصلی
- Active immunity یعنی بدن خود فرد antibody میسازد.
- Passive immunity یعنی antibody آماده از بیرون دریافت میشود.
- Vaccine = artificial active.
- Maternal antibody = natural passive.
۸) Word parts — ریشهها و پسوندهای خون و ایمنی
-emia / -hemiacondition of bloodpolycythemia
-peniadecrease / deficiencycytopenia
-poiesisformation / productionerythropoiesis
hem/o · hemat/oblood — خونhematology
erythr/o · erythrocyt/ored blood cell — RBCerythroblast
leuk/o · leukocyt/owhite blood cell — WBCleukocytosis
thromb/oblood clot — لختهthrombolytic
thrombocyt/oplatelet — پلاکتthrombopoiesis
immun/oimmunity — ایمنیimmunization
myel/obone marrow — مغز استخوانmyelogenous
| Pattern | How to read it | Example |
|---|---|---|
| cell root + -osis | increase in that cell type | leukocytosis |
| cell root + -penia | decrease in that cell type | neutropenia |
| cell root + -poiesis | production of that cell type | erythropoiesis |
| substance/pathogen + -emia | presence/condition in blood | viremia, bacteremia |
۹) Blood chemistry roots — ریشههای شیمی خون
| Root | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| azot/o | nitrogenous compounds | azoturia |
| calc/i | calcium (Ca) | calcification |
| ferr/o, ferr/i | iron (Fe) | ferrous |
| sider/o | iron | sideroderma |
| kali | potassium (K) | hyperkalemia; i is dropped |
| natri | sodium (Na) | natriuresis |
| ox/y | oxygen (O) | hypoxia |
Exam trap
- hypoxemia = oxygen deficiency in blood.
- hypoxia = oxygen deficiency in tissues.
- hypokalemia = low potassium in blood.
۱۰) Common blood tests — تستهای پرکاربرد خون
| Test | Abbrev. | What it measures |
|---|---|---|
| Red blood cell count | RBC | number of RBCs per μL |
| White blood cell count | WBC | number of WBCs per μL |
| Differential count | Diff | relative % of leukocyte types |
| Hematocrit | Hct / Ht / crit | packed RBC percentage |
| Packed cell volume | PCV | hematocrit |
| Hemoglobin | Hb / Hgb | g/dL of hemoglobin |
| Mean corpuscular volume | MCV | average RBC volume |
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin | MCH | average weight of Hb in RBCs |
| MCHC | MCHC | average concentration of Hb in RBCs |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate | ESR | rate RBCs settle; detects infection/inflammation |
| Complete blood count | CBC | series including counts, Hct, Hb and indices |
مقایسهٔ hematocrit طبیعی با anemia، polycythemia و dehydration.
نکتهٔ آموزشی: Hematocrit درصد حجمی RBCهاست؛ dehydration میتواند درصد RBC را بهصورت نسبی بالا ببرد، بدون اینکه تولید واقعی RBC افزایش یافته باشد.
۱۱) Anemia — واژگان و الگوهای افتراقی کمخونی
| Disorder | Mechanism / source wording | Language clue |
|---|---|---|
| Aplastic anemia | bone marrow failure → pancytopenia | aplastic = failure of formation |
| Iron deficiency anemia | iron deficiency → low Hb; microcytic/hypochromic | ferr/o, sider/o = iron |
| Pernicious anemia | lack of intrinsic factor → impaired B12 absorption | pernicious + intrinsic factor |
| Sideroblastic anemia | iron present but not properly used for Hb | sider/o = iron |
| Hemorrhagic anemia | blood loss | hemorrhagic = bleeding |
| Thalassemia | hereditary abnormal Hb production and hemolysis | Cooley anemia = severe β-thalassemia |
| Sickle cell anemia | abnormal Hb → sickling when O₂ released | sickle cell crisis |
اسمیر خون در sickle cell anemia با RBCهای هلالیشکل.
نکتهٔ آموزشی: در متن، sickling با آزادکردن اکسیژن از Hb و رسوب مولکول غیرطبیعی مرتبط است؛ انسداد رگهای کوچک و hemolysis ایجاد میشود.
Reticulocyte count در افتراق علت anemia مهم است: افزایش آن نشاندهندهٔ افزایش تولید RBC در پاسخ به از دسترفتن یا hemolysis است؛ کاهش آن به نفع اختلال تولید مثل nutritional deficiency یا aplastic anemia است.
۱۲) Coagulation disorders — اختلالات انعقادی
| Disorder | Core definition | High-yield clue |
|---|---|---|
| Thrombocytopenia | low circulating platelets | petechiae, ecchymoses, purpura |
| DIC | widespread clotting followed by hemorrhage from factor depletion | clotting + bleeding together |
| Hemophilia | hereditary deficiency of a clotting factor | sex-linked; bleeding into joints |
| ITP | destruction of platelets, often after viral illness | petechiae / mucosal bleeding |
| TTP | multiple clots in vessels with thrombocytopenia | often fatal in source |
۱۳) Blood & lymphoid neoplasms — لوسمی، لنفوم و میلوما
leukemiamalignant overgrowth of immature WBCsleuk/o = white · -emiaacute/chronic; myelogenous/lymphocytic
multiple myelomatumor of blood-forming tissue in bone marrowmyel/o = bone marrowBence Jones protein may appear in urine
Hodgkin lymphomaB-cell neoplasm with Reed–Sternberg cells
non-Hodgkin lymphomalymphocyte malignancy without Reed–Sternberg cells
Reed–Sternberg cell؛ سلول غولآسای شاخص Hodgkin disease.
نکتهٔ آموزشی: در سؤال افتراقی Hodgkin vs non-Hodgkin، وجود Reed–Sternberg cell کلید اصلی فصل است.
۱۴) Hypersensitivity — آلرژی و آنافیلاکسی
hypersensitivityواکنش زیانبار و بیشازحد سیستم ایمنیallergy یکی از اشکال آن است.
allergenمادهٔ ایجادکنندهٔ واکنش آلرژیکlatex protein در case study
urticariahives — کهیر
angioedemaادم موضعی عمقیتر از urticaria
anaphylaxisواکنش آلرژیک شدید و سیستمیکدرمان فوری: epinephrine در متن
delayed hypersensitivityواکنش وابسته به T cell و ≥12 hcontact dermatitis
در case study فصل، latex glove برای Olivia بهعنوان allergen عمل میکند و علائمی مثل contact dermatitis، rhinitis، urticaria و tachycardia دیده میشود. واکنش شدید generalized میتواند به anaphylaxis منجر شود.
Language traps
- urticaria = hives
- epinephrine = adrenaline
- hypersensitivity = allergy در بسیاری از کاربردهای فصل.
- delayed hypersensitivity حداقل ۱۲ ساعت زمان میبرد و T-cell mediated است.
۱۵) Immunodeficiency & autoimmunity
| Concept | Definition / source point |
|---|---|
| Immunodeficiency | failure of immune system; congenital or acquired |
| HIV/AIDS | HIV attacks certain CD4+ T cells; severe immunodeficiency at CD4 < 200/μL in source |
| Autoimmune disease | immune response against one’s own tissues |
| SLE | systemic autoimmune connective-tissue disease; butterfly rash described |
| Sjögren syndrome | autoimmune dysfunction of exocrine glands → dry mouth / eyes |
| Systemic sclerosis | connective tissue inflammation, degeneration and fibrosis; scleroderma |
مرور سریع
- Immunodeficiency = پاسخ ناکافی.
- Hypersensitivity = پاسخ بیشازحد.
- Autoimmunity = پاسخ علیه self.
۱۶) High-yield vocabulary & exam traps — مرور نهایی
| English term | معنی سریع | نقطهٔ افتراقی |
|---|---|---|
| hemolysis | پارگی RBC و آزادشدن Hb | hemolytic = adjective |
| hematoma | تجمع موضعی خون، معمولاً لختهشده | با hemangioma اشتباه نشود |
| pancytopenia | کاهش تمام سلولهای خون | در aplastic anemia دیده میشود |
| polycythemia | افزایش نسبی درصد RBC در whole blood | dehydration هم میتواند apparent polycythemia بدهد |
| agranulocytosis | کاهش granulocytes | granulocytopenia نیز گفته میشود |
| splenomegaly | بزرگی طحال | -megaly = enlargement |
| thrombolytic | حلکنندهٔ clot | thromb/o = clot · -lytic = dissolving |
| anticoagulant | مهارکنندهٔ coagulation | heparin نمونهٔ فصل |
| apheresis | جداکردن خون و استفاده از اجزای آن | |
| electrophoresis | جداسازی ذرات با میدان الکتریکی | برای اجزای خون |
| ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | آزمون ایمونولوژیک حساس |
دامهای پرتکرار
- Serum = plasma without clotting factors.
- Platelet = thrombocyte؛ از megakaryocyte منشأ میگیرد.
- Band cell = immature neutrophil.
- Hematocrit = درصد حجمی RBC، نه مقدار hemoglobin.
- Hypoxemia = کمبود O₂ در خون؛ hypoxia = کمبود O₂ در بافت.
- Active immunity با passive immunity را بر اساس «چه کسی antibody را میسازد» افتراق بده.
- Reed–Sternberg cell → Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Intrinsic factor deficiency → pernicious anemia.
بخش دوم
حل کامل تمرینهای فصل
در تمام تمرینها، صورت سؤال و پاسخ هر دو در کنار هم آمدهاند؛ گزینههای تستی نیز کامل حفظ شدهاند.
Pretest — سؤال و پاسخ کامل
Multiple Choice. Select the best answer.
۱
Question
Erythrocyte is the scientific name for a
a. white blood cell
b. lymphocyte
c. red blood cell
d. muscle cell
Answer
c. red blood cell
۲
Question
Platelets, or thrombocytes, are involved in
a. digestion
b. inflammation
c. immunity
d. blood clotting
Answer
d. blood clotting
۳
Question
The white blood cells active in immunity are the
a. chondrocytes
b. lymphocytes
c. adipose cells
d. hematids
Answer
b. lymphocytes
۴
Question
Substances produced by immune cells that counteract microorganisms and other foreign materials are called
a. antigens
b. antibodies
c. anticoagulants
d. Rh factors
Answer
b. antibodies
۵
Question
A deficiency of hemoglobin results in the disorder called
a. hypertension
b. chromatosis
c. anemia
d. hemophilia
Answer
c. anemia
۶
Question
A neoplastic overgrowth of white blood cells is called
a. leukemia
b. anemia
c. fibrosis
d. cystitis
Answer
a. leukemia
Exercise 11-1 — Suffixes for Blood
Define the term or form the requested word with -emia.
۱
Question
Define: thrombocytopenia.
Answer
decrease / deficiency of platelets (thrombocytes)
۲
Question
Define: bacteremia.
Answer
presence of bacteria in the blood
۳
Question
Define: leukocytopenia.
Answer
decrease / deficiency of leukocytes (white blood cells)
۴
Question
Define: erythropoiesis.
Answer
production / formation of red blood cells
۵
Question
Define: toxemia.
Answer
presence / condition of toxins in the blood
۶
Question
Define: hypoproteinemia.
Answer
deficiency of protein in the blood
۷
Question
Define: hyperalbuminemia.
Answer
excess albumin in the blood
۸
Question
Use -emia: Presence of viruses in the blood.
Answer
viremia
۹
Question
Use -emia: Presence of excess white cells (leuk/o) in the blood.
Answer
leukemia
۱۰
Question
Use -emia: Presence of pus in the blood.
Answer
pyemia
Exercise 11-2 — Roots for Blood & Immunity
Identify the root, fill the blank, or build the requested term.
۱
Question
Identify and define the root in leukocytosis.
Answer
leukocyt/o = white blood cell
۲
Question
Identify and define the root in ischemia.
Answer
hem/o = blood (within the blood-condition suffix -emia)
۳
Question
Identify and define the root in preimmunization.
Answer
immun/o = immunity / immune system
۴
Question
Identify and define the root in hematology.
Answer
hemat/o = blood
۵
Question
Identify and define the root in prothrombin.
Answer
thromb/o = blood clot
۶
Question
Identify and define the root in panmyeloid.
Answer
myel/o = bone marrow
۷
Question
Lymphokines are chemicals active in immunity that are produced by _____.
Answer
lymphocytes
۸
Question
A hematoma is a swelling caused by collection of _____.
Answer
blood
۹
Question
Hemorrhage is a profuse flow (-rhage) of _____.
Answer
blood
۱۰
Question
Myelofibrosis is formation of fibrous tissue in _____.
Answer
bone marrow
۱۱
Question
Erythroclasis is the breaking (-clasis) of _____.
Answer
red blood cells / erythrocytes
۱۲
Question
An immunocyte is a cell active in _____.
Answer
immunity
۱۳
Question
Thrombocythemia refers to a blood increase in the number of _____.
Answer
platelets / thrombocytes
۱۴
Question
Leukopoiesis refers to the production of _____.
Answer
white blood cells / leukocytes
۱۵
Question
Write a word: decrease in white blood cells.
Answer
leukopenia / leukocytopenia
۱۶
Question
Write a word: tumor of bone marrow.
Answer
myeloma
۱۷
Question
Write a word: immature lymphocyte.
Answer
lymphoblast
۱۸
Question
Write a word: dissolving (-lysis) of a blood clot.
Answer
thrombolysis
۱۹
Question
Write a word: formation (-poiesis) of bone marrow.
Answer
myelopoiesis
۲۰
Question
Use -osis: increase in granulocytes in the blood.
Answer
granulocytosis
۲۱
Question
Use -osis: increase in lymphocytes in the blood.
Answer
lymphocytosis
۲۲
Question
Use -osis: increase in red blood cells.
Answer
erythrocytosis
۲۳
Question
Use -osis: increase in monocytes in the blood.
Answer
monocytosis
۲۴
Question
Use -osis: increase in platelets in the blood.
Answer
thrombocytosis
Exercise 11-3 — Roots for Blood Chemistry
Complete the blank or form the requested blood-chemistry term.
۱
Question
A sideroblast is an immature cell containing _____.
Answer
iron
۲
Question
Hypokalemia refers to a blood deficiency of _____.
Answer
potassium
۳
Question
Azotobacter is named for its ability to metabolize _____.
Answer
nitrogenous compounds / nitrogen
۴
Question
Hypoxemia is a blood deficiency of _____.
Answer
oxygen
۵
Question
Ferritin is a compound that contains _____.
Answer
iron
۶
Question
A calcareous substance contains _____.
Answer
calcium
۷
Question
Use -emia: presence of sodium in the blood.
Answer
natremia
۸
Question
Use -emia: presence of nitrogenous compounds in the blood.
Answer
azotemia
۹
Question
Use -emia: presence of potassium in the blood.
Answer
kalemia
۱۰
Question
Use -emia: presence of calcium in the blood.
Answer
calcemia
Chapter Review — Labeling: Blood Cells
Word bank: Erythrocyte · Leukocyte · Platelet
۱
Question
Label 1 in the blood-cell figure.
Answer
erythrocyte
۲
Question
Label 2 in the blood-cell figure.
Answer
leukocyte
۳
Question
Label 3 in the blood-cell figure.
Answer
platelet
Chapter Review — Labeling: Leukocytes
Word bank: Basophil · Eosinophil · Lymphocyte · Monocyte · Neutrophil
۱
Question
Leukocyte label 1.
Answer
neutrophil
۲
Question
Leukocyte label 2.
Answer
eosinophil
۳
Question
Leukocyte label 3.
Answer
basophil
۴
Question
Leukocyte label 4.
Answer
lymphocyte
۵
Question
Leukocyte label 5.
Answer
monocyte
Chapter Review — Terminology Matching
Match each term with the correct definition.
۱
Question
anemia
Answer
c — deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood
۲
Question
thrombolytic
Answer
d — able to dissolve a blood clot
۳
Question
antibody
Answer
e — substance active in an immune response
۴
Question
megakaryocyte
Answer
b — cell that produces platelets
۵
Question
prothrombin
Answer
a — substance active in blood clotting
۶
Question
hypokalemia
Answer
b — deficiency of potassium in the blood
۷
Question
natriuresis
Answer
c — urinary excretion of sodium
۸
Question
ferric
Answer
e — pertaining to iron
۹
Question
siderosis
Answer
a — condition involving iron deposits
۱۰
Question
azoturia
Answer
d — urinary excretion of nitrogenous compounds
۱۱
Question
hemophilia
Answer
d — hereditary clotting disorder
۱۲
Question
hemostasis
Answer
c — stoppage of bleeding / blood flow in the matching set
۱۳
Question
hypersensitivity
Answer
a — allergy
۱۴
Question
thalassemia
Answer
b — hereditary form of anemia
۱۵
Question
purpura
Answer
e — bleeding into the tissues
۱۶
Question
pH
Answer
e — scale for measuring acidity or alkalinity
۱۷
Question
HIV
Answer
d — virus that causes an immunodeficiency disease
۱۸
Question
ALL
Answer
b — a form of leukemia
۱۹
Question
PCV
Answer
c — hematocrit
۲۰
Question
CBC
Answer
a — laboratory test of blood
۲۱
Question
erythrocytosis
Answer
b — increase in the number of RBCs in the blood
۲۲
Question
heparin
Answer
c — anticoagulant
۲۳
Question
apheresis
Answer
a — separation of blood and use of components
۲۴
Question
ELISA
Answer
e — sensitive immunologic test
۲۵
Question
electrophoresis
Answer
d — method for separating components of a solution
Chapter Review — Fill in the Blanks
Complete each sentence with the correct term.
۲۶
Question
The engulfing of foreign material by white cells is called _____.
Answer
phagocytosis
۲۷
Question
The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen is called _____.
Answer
hemoglobin
۲۸
Question
A substance that separates into ions in solution is a(n) _____.
Answer
electrolyte
۲۹
Question
The cell fragments active in blood clotting are the _____.
Answer
platelets / thrombocytes
۳۰
Question
A hemocytometer is used to count _____.
Answer
blood cells
۳۱
Question
Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin combined with _____.
Answer
oxygen
۳۲
Question
A hematoma is a localized collection of _____.
Answer
blood
۳۳
Question
A disorder involving lack of hemoglobin in the blood is _____.
Answer
anemia
۳۴
Question
A myeloma is a neoplasm that involves the _____.
Answer
bone marrow
۳۵
Question
The abbreviation Ig means _____.
Answer
immunoglobulin
Chapter Review — Case Study Multiple Choice
Refer to Olivia’s latex-allergy case and select the best answer.
۳۶
Question
Anaphylaxis, a life-threatening physiologic response, is an extreme form of
a. remission
b. hemostasis
c. hypersensitivity
d. homeostasis
Answer
c. hypersensitivity
۳۷
Question
Urticaria is commonly called
a. hives
b. dermatitis
c. rhinitis
d. congenital
Answer
a. hives
۳۸
Question
The cells involved in a T cell-mediated allergic response are
a. basophils
b. monocytes
c. lymphocytes
d. B cells
Answer
c. lymphocytes
۳۹
Question
The natural latex protein in latex gloves may act as a(n)
a. antibody
b. allergen
c. purpura
d. immunocyte
Answer
b. allergen
۴۰
Question
The common name for epinephrine is
a. cortisone
b. adrenaline
c. heparin
d. antihistamine
Answer
b. adrenaline
Chapter Review — True / False
If false, correct the statement.
۴۱
Question
A leukocyte is also called a platelet.
Answer
F — leukocyte = white blood cell
۴۲
Question
A plasma cell produces antibodies.
Answer
T
۴۳
Question
The liquid that remains after blood coagulates is called serum.
Answer
T
۴۴
Question
Blood that does not react with either A or B antiserum is type O.
Answer
T
۴۵
Question
A band cell is an immature monocyte.
Answer
F — band cell = immature neutrophil
۴۶
Question
The root kali- pertains to potassium.
Answer
T
Chapter Review — Definitions
Define each term or write the requested medical term.
۴۷
Question
Define leukocytosis.
Answer
increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood
۴۸
Question
Define eosinophilia.
Answer
increase in eosinophils in the blood
۴۹
Question
Define erythrocytosis.
Answer
increase in red blood cells in the blood
۵۰
Question
Define thrombocythemia.
Answer
increase in platelets / thrombocytes in the blood
۵۱
Question
Define neutrophilia.
Answer
increase in neutrophils in the blood
۵۲
Question
Define monocytosis.
Answer
increase in monocytes in the blood
۵۳
Question
Write a word: an immature red blood cell.
Answer
reticulocyte
۵۴
Question
Write a word: a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood.
Answer
thrombocytopenia
۵۵
Question
Write a word: presence of pus in the blood.
Answer
pyemia
۵۶
Question
Write a word: specialist in the study of immunity.
Answer
immunologist
۵۷
Question
Write a word: profuse flow of blood.
Answer
hemorrhage
۵۸
Question
Define hemolysis.
Answer
rupture of red blood cells with release of hemoglobin
۵۹
Question
Define neutropenia.
Answer
decrease / deficiency of neutrophils
۶۰
Question
Define myelotoxin.
Answer
a toxin harmful to bone marrow
۶۱
Question
Define autoimmunity.
Answer
immune response directed against one’s own tissues
۶۲
Question
Define viremia.
Answer
presence of viruses in the blood
Chapter Review — Adjectives
Use the ending -ic.
۶۳
Question
Write the adjective form of hemolysis using -ic.
Answer
hemolytic
۶۴
Question
Write the adjective form of leukemia using -ic.
Answer
leukemic
۶۵
Question
Write the adjective form of basophil using -ic.
Answer
basophilic
۶۶
Question
Write the adjective form of septicemia using -ic.
Answer
septicemic
۶۷
Question
Write the adjective form of thrombosis using -ic.
Answer
thrombotic
۶۸
Question
Write the adjective form of lymphocyte using -ic.
Answer
lymphocytic
Chapter Review — Eliminations
Choose the word that does not fit and explain why.
۶۹
Question
fibrin — thrombin — thrombolysis — prothrombin — fibrinogen
Answer
thrombolysis — the others are clotting substances / factors; thrombolysis is dissolution of a clot
۷۰
Question
Diff — Hct — MCV — EPO — MCH
Answer
EPO — the others are blood tests / red-cell indices; EPO is a hormone
۷۱
Question
eosinophil — reticulocyte — monocyte — basophil — lymphocyte
Answer
reticulocyte — the others are leukocytes; reticulocyte is an immature RBC
۷۲
Question
allergy — hypersensitivity — gamma globulin — urticaria — anaphylaxis
Answer
gamma globulin — the others are hypersensitivity/allergy terms; gamma globulin is a plasma antibody fraction
Chapter Review — Word Building
Use the supplied word parts to build each term.
۷۳
Question
Write a word: pertaining to a red blood cell.
Answer
erythrocytic
۷۴
Question
Write a word: an immature white blood cell.
Answer
leukoblast
۷۵
Question
Write a word: pertaining to bone marrow.
Answer
myeloid
۷۶
Question
Write a word: originating in bone marrow.
Answer
myelogenous
۷۷
Question
Write a word: an immature bone marrow cell.
Answer
myeloblast
۷۸
Question
Write a word: neoplastic overgrowth of white cells in the blood.
Answer
leukemia
۷۹
Question
Write a word: deficiency of white cells in the blood.
Answer
leukopenia
۸۰
Question
Write a word: cancer of bone marrow.
Answer
myeloma
۸۱
Question
Write a word: formation of red blood cells.
Answer
erythropoiesis
۸۲
Question
Write a word: pertaining to bone marrow cells.
Answer
myelocytic
Chapter Review — Word Analysis
Define each term and analyze its word parts.
۸۳
Question
Analyze pancytopenia: define the word and pan-, cyt/o, -penia.
Answer
pancytopenia = deficiency of all blood cells; pan- = all; cyt/o = cell; -penia = decrease / deficiency
۸۴
Question
Analyze polycythemia: define the word and poly-, cyt/o, hem/o, -ia.
Answer
polycythemia = increased proportion/number of blood cells, especially RBCs in chapter context; poly- = many; cyt/o = cell; hem/o = blood; -ia = condition
۸۵
Question
Analyze anisochromia: define the word and an-, iso-, chrom/o, -ia.
Answer
anisochromia = condition of unequal / irregular color; an- = not; iso- = equal; chrom/o = color; -ia = condition
۸۶
Question
Analyze myelodysplastic: define the word and myel/o, dys-, plast(y), -ic.
Answer
myelodysplastic = pertaining to abnormal development/formation of bone marrow; myel/o = bone marrow; dys- = abnormal / bad; plast(y) = formation; -ic = pertaining to
Case Study 11-1 — Blood Replacement
Multiple Choice + abbreviations.
۱
Question
The unit for hemoglobin measurement (g/dL) means
a. grams in decimal point
b. grains in a deciliter
c. drops in 50 mL
d. grams in 100 mL
Answer
d. grams in 100 mL
۲
Question
Heparin, an anticoagulant, is a drug that
a. increases the rate of blood clotting
b. takes the place of fibrin
c. makes blood thinner than water
d. interferes with blood clotting
Answer
d. interferes with blood clotting
۳
Question
The RBCs were washed with NS. This means the _____ were washed with _____.
a. reticulocytes, heparin
b. red blood cells, nutritional solution
c. erythrocytes, normal saline
d. red blood cells, heparin
Answer
c. erythrocytes, normal saline
۴
Question
Autotransfusion is transfusion of autologous blood. Homologous blood is taken from
a. another human
b. synthetic chemicals
c. plasma with clotting factors
d. IV fluid with electrolytes
Answer
a. another human
۵
Question
Patients who lose significant amounts of blood may lose clotting ability. Effective therapy in such cases would be replacement of
a. IV solution with electrolytes
b. packed RBCs
c. platelets
d. heparin
Answer
c. platelets
۶
Question
Lisa’s blood type is B-positive. The best blood for her to receive is
a. A-negative
b. AB-positive
c. B-negative
d. B-positive
Answer
d. B-positive
۷
Question
Define PT.
Answer
prothrombin time
۸
Question
Define PTT.
Answer
partial thromboplastin time
۹
Question
Define FFP.
Answer
fresh frozen plasma
۱۰
Question
Define DIC.
Answer
disseminated intravascular coagulation
Case Study 11-2 — Myelofibrosis
Multiple Choice + abbreviations.
۱
Question
Myelofibrosis, like aplastic anemia, is a disease in which there is
a. overgrowth of RBCs
b. destruction of the bone marrow
c. dangerously high hemoglobin and hematocrit
d. absence of bone marrow
Answer
b. destruction of the bone marrow
۲
Question
Erythropoiesis is
a. production of blood
b. production of red cells
c. destruction of platelets
d. destruction of white cells
Answer
b. production of red cells
۳
Question
The “ferrous” in ferrous sulfate represents
a. electrolytes
b. B vitamins
c. iron
d. oxygen
Answer
c. iron
۴
Question
Hemoglobin and hematocrit values pertain to
a. leukocytes
b. fibrinogen
c. granulocytes
d. red blood cells
Answer
d. red blood cells
۵
Question
Splenomegaly is
a. prolapse of the spleen
b. movement of the spleen
c. enlargement of the lymph glands
d. enlargement of the spleen
Answer
d. enlargement of the spleen
۶
Question
The stem cells Ada received were expected to develop into new
a. spleen cells
b. bone marrow cells
c. hemoglobin
d. cartilage
Answer
b. bone marrow cells
۷
Question
Ada’s health was compromised because the high-dose chemotherapy caused
a. immunodeficiency
b. electrolyte imbalance
c. anoxia
d. autoimmunity
Answer
a. immunodeficiency
۸
Question
Define Hgb.
Answer
hemoglobin
۹
Question
Define Hct.
Answer
hematocrit
۱۰
Question
Define RBC.
Answer
red blood cell